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Michael Scorfield จาก Series เรื่อง Prison Break

Michael Scorfield

Michael เป็น วิศวกรที่ฉลาด มีความสามารถสูง และยังเป็นคนดีชอบช่วยเหลือคนอื่น
เค้าใช้ชีวิตเป็นปกติจนกระทั่ง พี่ชายของเขาถูกจับในข้อหาฆ่าคนตายและจะถูกประหารชีวิต และเมื่อเค้ารู้ความจริงว่าพี่ชายเค้าเป็นผู้บริสุทธิ์ และกำลังถูกใส่ร้าย เขาจึงพยายามช่วยทุกวิถีทาง จนในที่สุดเมื่อวันประหารใกล้มาถึง เขาจึงตัดสินใจที่จะทำให้ตนเองติดคุกเพื่อจะช่วยพี่ชายแหกคุกออกมา โดยเขาได้วางแผนอย่างดี โดยสักพิมเขียวของคุกซี่งเป็นคนออกแบบไว้บนตัวและหาข้อมูลต่างๆ เตรียมตัวอย่างดีว่าจะต้องมีใครร่วมทีมบ้างเพื่อให้งานสำเร็จ นอกจากนั้นยังคิดเผื่ออีกว่า เมื่อหนีออกมายแล้วจะทำอย่างไรต่อไป และมีชีวิตอยู่ได้อย่างไรต่อไป
ผมประทับใจในความกล้า ความพยายาม และความรอบคอบของเขามาก เขากล้าเสี่ยงที่จะทำให้ตัวเองติดคุก เพื่อเข้ามาช่วยพี่ชายที่โดยใส่ร้าย และปฏิบัติการต่างๆด้วยความพยายาม แม้ว่าจะมีอุปสรรคมากมายก็ตาม โดยได้วางแผนการทำงานได้อย่างดี และรอบคอบ นอกจากนี้เค้ายังเป็นคนที่มีจิตใจดี ชอบช่วยเหลือผู้อื่นอีกด้วย

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ด้วยความพยายามของเขาจึงสามารถช่วยพี่ชายได้สำเร็จ

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Albert Einstein

Einstein

He was an ethnically Jewish, German-born theoretical physicist. He is best known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics “for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.”

Einstein’s many contributions to physics include:

Einstein published more than 300 scientific works and more than 150 non-scientific works.[4][5] In 1999 Time magazine named him the Person of the Century, and in the words of a biographer, “to the scientifically literate and the public at large, Einstein is synonymous with genius.”

Einstein’s mistakes

In addition to his well accepted papers, Einstein has a few papers which have mistakes:

  • 1905: An expository paper explaining how airplanes fly includes an example which is incorrect. There is a wing which he claims will generate lift. This wing is flat on the bottom, and flat on the top, with a small bump at the center. It is designed to generate lift by Bernoulli’s principle, and Einstein claims that it will. Simple action reaction considerations, though, show that the wing will not generate lift, at least if it is long enough.
  • 1922: Einstein published a qualitative theory of superconductivity based on the vague idea of electrons shared in orbits. This paper predated modern quantum mechanics, and is well understood to be completely wrong. The correct BCS theory of low temperature superconductivity was only worked out in 1957, thirty years after the establishing of modern quantum mechanics.
  • 1939: Einstein denied that black holes could form several times, the last time in print. He published a paper that argues that a star collapsing would spin faster and faster, spinning at the speed of light with infinite energy well before the point where it is about to collapse into a black hole. This paper received no citations, and the conclusions are well understood to be wrong. Einstein’s argument itself is inconclusive, since he only shows that stable spinning objects have to spin faster and faster to stay stable before the point where they collapse. But it is well understood today (and understood well by some even then) that collapse cannot happen through stationary states the way Einstein imagined.
  • Einstein believed that the focussing properties of geodesics in general relativity would lead to an instability which causes plane gravitational waves to collapse in on themselves. While this is true to a certain extent in some limits, because gravitational instabilities can lead to a concentration of energy density into black holes, for plane waves of the type Einstein and Rosen considered in their paper, the instabilities are under control. Einstein retracted this position a short time later, but his collaborator Nathan Rosen continued to maintain that gravitational waves are unstable until his death.

In addition to these well established mistakes, there are other arguments whose deduction is considered correct, but whose interpretation or philosophical conclusion is considered to have been incorrect:

  • The hole argument led Einstein to believe that generally covariant theories are impossible. This was Einstein battling with the concept of gauge invariance in General Relativity. He eventually sorted everything out in 1915.
  • In the Bohr–Einstein debates and the papers following this, Einstein tries to poke holes in the uncertainty principle, ingeniously, but unsuccessfully.
  • In the EPR paper, Einstein concludes that quantum mechanics must be replaced by local hidden variables. The measured violations of Bell’s inequality show that hidden variables, if they exist, must be nonlocal.

Einstein himself considered his 1917 paper founding cosmology as a ‘blunder’. The theory of General Relativity predicted an expanding or contracting universe, but Einstein wanted a universe which is an unchanging three dimensional sphere, like the surface of a three dimensional ball in four dimensions. He wanted this for philosophical reasons, so as to incorporate Mach’s principle in a reasonable way. He stabilized his solution by introducing a cosmological constant, and when the universe was shown to be expanding, he retracted the constant as a blunder. This is not really much of a blunder— the cosmological constant is necessary within General Relativity as it is currently understood, and it is widely believed to have a nonzero value today. Einstein took the wrong side in a few scientific debates.

  • He briefly flirted with transverse and longitudinal mass concepts, before rejecting them.
  • Einstein initially opposed Minkowski’s geometrical formulation of special relativity, changing his mind completely a few years later.
  • Based on his cosmological model, Einstein rejected expanding universe solutions by Friedman and Lemaitre as unphysical, changing his mind when the universe was shown to be expanding a few years later.
  • Finding it too formal, Einstein believed that Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics was incorrect. He changed his mind when Schrödinger and others demonstrated that the formulation in terms of the Schrodinger equation, based on Einstein’s wave-particle duality was equivalent to Heisenberg’s matrices.
  • Einstein rejected work on black holes by Chandrasekhar, Oppenheimer, and others, believing, along with Eddington, that collapse past the horizon (then called the ‘Schwartschild singularity’) would never happen. So big was his influence, that this opinion was not rejected until the early 1960s, almost a decade after his death.
  • Einstein believed that some sort of nonlinear instability could lead to a field theory whose solutions would collapse into pointlike objects which would behave like quantum particles. While there are many field theories with point-like particle solutions, none of them behave like quantum particles. It is widely believed that quantum mechanics would be impossible to reproduce from a local field theory of the type Einstein considered, because of Bell’s inequality.

In addition to these well known mistakes, it is sometimes claimed that Einstein’s reasoning in the 1905 relativity paper is flawed, or the photon paper, or one or another of the most famous papers. None of these claims are widely accepted.

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